Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands—called coal forests—that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and Permian times. However, many significant coal deposits are younger than this and originate from the Mesozoic and …

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Taylor & Francis · 4 September 2024 English

Germany’s post-war economic crisis culminated in hyperinflation in 1923. The dramatic events that year contribute to shaping the retrospective chronology of the Weimar Republic: the crisis appears to conclude the …

Then Germany defaulted on its payments of wood and coal replacing the non-existing gold currency and, in


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

A file of correspondence and reports concerning inner-German trade. The documents cover discussions on the extent of East German debt to West Germany; reports that East Germany is requesting assistance …

guess that the figures represent an increase in hard coal * deliveries from the West to make up for shortfalls FRG. However, the figure of a 29% increase of 'coal from the West is rather lower than expected: I recall hearing shortly after 1 arrived here last summer that coal deliveries from the FRG to GDR had risen by over


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

industries, in the mines, copper, sulfur /j- and coal, is pretty good. In fact/ has risen above what


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

otates. A strike for higher pay by some 30,000 coal miners in the Jiu Valley in 1977 had been broken


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

CONFIDENTIAL ^^^ Bulgaria has indigenous lignite and coal but I is generally poorly endowed with domestic i n g . 3. Bulgaria has indigenous lignite and coal b u t is generally I poorly endowed with domestic


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

(paid for by industrial workers) electricity and coal supplied twice as cheap as to -State farms) . 000 : roubles worth of tableware (128.8/0). Coal Exports 3- A recent issue of the Katowice Party forms of cooperation in the field of hard and brown coal mining was signed in Warsaw on 24 August at the equipment and defined future volumes of Polish hard coal exports to Czechoslovakia. Unfortunately', no further be overhauled this year. The rower stations have coal stocks twice as large as last year,~suTficierit


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

A file containing documents concerning the Soviet population. Subjects covered in the file include the declining rate of population growth; the unwillingness of people to migrate to areas of labour …

explosions had tripled during the last decade in the coal industry, pirtly because of inadequate preparations


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

Minister of liines in September 1981 for expanding coal production. A World Bank report puts Afghan reserves iron ore, copper, beryl, lead and zinc. Gas and coal are exploited in I Put M 0 1 1 h S S a l s v i e t e c o n o m y ( d e v e l o p m e n t of coal a n d the n a t u r a l gas i n d u s t r y ) . a p r o t o c o l for c o o p e r a t i o n in coal e x p l o i t a t i o n d u r i n g a v i s i t been over-fulfilled for the extraction of gas and coal and in the processing of carbamide and reinforced


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 Russian

A file containing documents concerning British visitors to the Soviet Union. The principal subject covered in the file is a programme of unofficial Anglo-Soviet politico-military talks held in Moscow in …

Azerbaijan - Industrial production of petrol from coal i \ J r SECTIONS A. International Affairs


The National Archives · 1 January 1982 English

A file containing documents relating to Soviet influence in Western Europe. Subjects covered in the file include the state of relations between the Soviet and Italian communist parties; a visit …

a number of successful promotions, including a Coal Day led by Sir Derek Ezra personally, will have


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