“The socialist system has won in our country,” Antonín Novotný, the leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, triumphantly declared at a national party conference on July 5, 1960, and six days later the Czechoslovak parliament passed a new Constitution that defined the country as a socialist republic.1 Cecil Parrott, the British ambassador to Prague, had to admit that for the Communist leaders of Czechoslovakia, “1960 must be regarded a year of achievement,” and that with the adoption of the Constitution, “the seal was thus set on the total transformation which the communists have achieved here in the twelve years that they have been in power.”2
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